Annotation
نویسنده
چکیده
ANNOTATION The fate of bacterial cells injected intravenously into experimental animals has been the subject of numerous studies since the initial observations of Wyssokowitsch in 1886.'-Immediately after intravenous injections of a suspension of bacteria, thousands of viable organisms can be demonstrated in each milliliter of blood. As cultures are repeated, the colony count of most bacterial species rapidly decreases during the first few minutes or hours after injection. The blood stream may become sterile or bacteremia may persist at low levels. The majority of organisms (60-95 per cent) that disappear from the blood during the initial rapid phase of clearance in experimental bacteremia are removed by reticuloendo-thelial cells in the liver and spleen. A smaller proportion of organisms are removed by reticuloendothelial cells at other sites. Intravascular phagocy-tosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes"6 and the bactericidal activity of blood may also play a role in removing viable bacteria from the blood, but the reticuloendothelial cells occupy the position of prime importance. With certain microorganisms capable of producing progressive infection, the initial phases of clearance may be followed by multiplication of bacteria in the tissues and this may lead to an increasing number of organisms in the blood. The increasing bacteremia is not related to failure of the clearing mechanism and removal of bacteria from the blood by reticuloendo-thelial cells continues at a rapid rate. The eventual fate of the host is determined by the balance between the capacity of bacteria to multiply in the tissues and the capacity of the host to destroy them. An efficient mechanism for removing viable bacteria from the blood was known to exist in man, but definitive documentation of the tissue sites of removal was not available until the studies of Beeson, Brannon, and Warren' on the clearance of bacteria from the blood of patients with bacterial endocarditis. As described in the original article, the degree of removal of bacteria from blood flowing through various vascular beds was studied in six patients with bacterial endocarditis by determining arterio-venous differences in numbers of viable bacteria. Arterial and Professor of Medicine.
منابع مشابه
Fuzzy Neighbor Voting for Automatic Image Annotation
With quick development of digital images and the availability of imaging tools, massive amounts of images are created. Therefore, efficient management and suitable retrieval, especially by computers, is one of themost challenging fields in image processing. Automatic image annotation (AIA) or refers to attaching words, keywords or comments to an image or to a selected part of it. In this paper,...
متن کاملTags Re-ranking Using Multi-level Features in Automatic Image Annotation
Automatic image annotation is a process in which computer systems automatically assign the textual tags related with visual content to a query image. In most cases, inappropriate tags generated by the users as well as the images without any tags among the challenges available in this field have a negative effect on the query's result. In this paper, a new method is presented for automatic image...
متن کاملAnnotation in Architecture: A Systematic Approach toward Mobilization and Development of Theoretical, Research, and Critical Basis in Architecture
Annotations usually refer to marginal notes that explain a difficult or ambiguous subject, provide a general definition or a critical remark for a particular part of a text. Historically, annotating was a well-known tradition in Islamic sciences and was used especially in times when there were less new potentials for generating new knowledge. The main question of this research is, can the tradi...
متن کاملAn annotation scheme for Persian based on Autonomous Phrases Theory and Universal Dependencies
A treebank is a corpus with linguistic annotations above the level of the parts of speech. During the first half of the present decade, three treebanks have been developed for Persian either originally or subsequently based on dependency grammar: Persian Treebank (PerTreeBank), Persian Syntactic Dependency Treebank, and Uppsala Persian Dependency Treebank (UPDT). The syntactic analysis of a sen...
متن کاملSemantic-Based Image Retrial in the VQ Compressed Domain using Image Annotation Statistical Models
متن کامل
A CAD System Framework for the Automatic Diagnosis and Annotation of Histological and Bone Marrow Images
Due to ever increasing of medical images data in the world’s medical centers and recent developments in hardware and technology of medical imaging, necessity of medical data software analysis is needed. Equipping medical science with intelligent tools in diagnosis and treatment of illnesses has resulted in reduction of physicians’ errors and physical and financial damages. In this article we pr...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
عنوان ژورنال:
- The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
دوره 38 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 1966